You cannot get hepatitis B through casual contact like kissing, hugging or sharing eating utensils. It cannot be spread through coughing or sneezing. Women who are pregnant should be tested for hepatitis B infection to prevent infecting their baby. Get vaccinated. The best form of protection is to get vaccinated for hepatitis B. The vaccine can be given to infants, children and adults. Anyone who is at increased risk should be vaccinated. In adults, the vaccine is given in two doses, about months apart.
In infants and children, three doses is recommended. Get screened. The screening exam for hepatitis B is a simple blood test. If you do have the virus, it can be managed with medication, and you can take steps to protect yourself from liver damage.
Getting screened also protects family members. Get regular check-ups to monitor the amount of virus in your body and the condition of your liver, and take your medicine. Its integration and protein expression impose alteration in cell proliferation cycle and apoptosis process. Many other factors may be involved including viral-induced alterations in p53 and telemerase, HBV genotypes, co-infection with HCV or delta agents, patient's lifestyle such as smoking, alcohol excesses, and genetic factors of the host patient.
The processes of necroinflammation, cell proliferation and fibrosis facilitate the initial carcinogenic development. HCC surveillance with tumor markers such as alpha-foetal protein, decarboxylated prothrombin, in conjunction with imaging techniques has identified early small HCC that is amenable to curative therapy. Cervical cancer has become much less common in the United States because the Pap test has been widely available for many years.
This test can show pre-cancer in cells of the cervix that might be caused by HPV infection. These pre-cancer cells can then be destroyed or removed, if needed.
This can keep cancer from developing. Doctors can now also test for HPV as part of cervical cancer screening, which can tell them if someone might be at higher risk for cervical cancer. Nearly all individuals with cervical cancer show signs of HPV infection on lab tests. But there is a vaccine that can help prevent it. If the HPV causes abnormal cells to start growing, these cells can be removed or destroyed. HPV also has a role in causing cancers of the penis , anus , vagina , vulva , mouth and throat.
Smoking , which is also linked with these cancers, may work with HPV to increase cancer risk. Other genital infections may also increase the risk that HPV will cause cancer. You can get more details in HPV and Cancer. Vaccines are now available to help protect children and young adults against infection from the main cancer-causing HPV types. These vaccines are approved for use in females and males and are given as a series of injections shots.
The vaccines can only be used to help prevent HPV infection — they do not stop or help treat an existing infection. To be most effective, the vaccine series should be given before a person becomes sexually active has sex with another person. See HPV Vaccines for more on this. EBV is a type of herpes virus. Most people in the United States are infected with EBV by the end of their teen years, although not everyone develops the symptoms of mono.
As with other herpes virus infections, EBV infection is life-long, even though most people have no symptoms after the first few weeks.
EBV infects and stays in certain white blood cells in the body called B lymphocytes also called B cells. It may also be linked to Hodgkin lymphoma and some cases of stomach cancer.
Overall, very few people who have been infected with EBV will ever develop these cancers. But this number is much higher in some other countries, where both viral hepatitis and liver cancer are much more common.
Some research also suggests that long-term HCV infection might be linked with some other cancers, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Next Article. August : 7 viruses that cause cancer. How do viruses cause cancer? What can people do to avoid getting these cancer-causing viruses? You can take steps to reduce your risk of getting oncoviruses. Get vaccinated. The hepatitis B vaccine can help reduce your liver cancer risk.
Get screened. In addition, follow our cancer screening guidelines. Talk to your doctor to learn if you need earlier or additional screening.
Practice safe sex. Related Posts. More Stories From Focused on Health. Eating a plant-based diet with plenty of vegetables is an important step in reducing your cancer risk. Our expert offers six tips for getting the most nutrition out of your produce. What to expect when you have a mole removed.
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